International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies

Development of a multiple representation digital platform for STEAM-based deep learning with the 3DE model

2025-11-30T22:46:02-06:00

This research is motivated by the limited digital learning platforms capable of integrating various forms of representation to support STEAM-based in-depth learning, particularly in physics subjects that require high conceptual understanding. To address this need, this study aims to describe the feasibility of the Digital Multiple Representation Platform (DMRP) as an innovative learning medium designed to facilitate conceptual understanding and encourage interdisciplinary integration in the STEAM context. This research method uses a Research and Development (R&D) design based on the DDDE (Decide, Design, Develop, and Evaluation) model to systematically guide the platform creation and validation process. Data were collected using an expert validation questionnaire covering aspects of content feasibility, pedagogy, interface appearance, interactivity, and technical aspects. Validation was carried out by learning media experts and physics material experts to assess the quality and suitability of the platform for instructional purposes. In addition to quantitative data, the study also involved qualitative feedback from educators and students through open-ended interviews to obtain an in-depth overview of the platform's practicality and acceptability. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive techniques to calculate a feasibility score, while qualitative data were analyzed to identify suggestions for improvement and aspects that support the platform's effectiveness. The results of the study show that the DMRP achieved an average media validation score of 80% and a content validation score of 79%, both of which are categorized as very feasible to be implemented in learning. The conclusion of this study shows that integrating various representations in a digital environment can effectively improve conceptual understanding, creativity, and student engagement in STEAM-oriented physics education. Overall, the developed DMRP offers a pedagogically grounded model to support deep learning and interdisciplinary thinking, which contributes to the development of digital innovation in STEAM education.

Economic diversification and sustainable development in Saudi Arabia: Evaluating the vision 2030 initiative

2025-12-01T22:30:51-06:00

The Saudi Economy is heavily reliant on oil exports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in international oil prices. This prompted the Saudi Government to introduce different initiatives to diversify its economy, including the Saudi 2030 Initiative, which is aimed to diversify the Saudi economy and promote sustainable development. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Saudi 2030 Vision Initiative in terms of promoting economic diversification and evaluate its influence on sustainable development in Saudi Arabia. The study has utilised a mixed method approach, triangulating quantitative data from 300 respondents through a cross-sectional survey and qualitative semi-structured interviews from 15 stakeholders from government, private sector, and academia. This study has revealed that institutional support and human capital development challenges significantly mediate the relationship between the current state of economic diversification and sustainable development outcomes of the Saudi Vision 2030. The qualitative findings highlighted challenges in implementation, such as cultural resistance and regulatory compliance issues. This study has provided a comprehensive assessment of the Vision 2030 Initiative and offered insights to comprehend the complex dynamics of economic transformation and sustainable development in the Saudi context. The result shows that the Saudi 2030 Vision initiative has helped to achieve significant progress in diversifying the economy by creating new non-oil sectors, including information technology, tourism, and renewable energy. The study findings have valuable implications for informing policymakers to establish improved strategies to enhance the effectiveness of diversification efforts.

Designing a model of environmental, social, and governance reporting: Evidence from Iraqi banks

2025-12-02T05:02:18-06:00

This study aims to design a conceptual model of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting with-in the Iraqi banking sector. It seeks to address the significant gap in understanding the drivers, strategies, and outcomes of sustainability reporting in a post-conflict economy heavily reliant on natural resources. Employing a qualitative research design based on Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory, data were collected through in-depth interviews with 28 experts, including bank executives and academic specialists in Iraqi banking and environmental affairs in 2024. A purposeful and snowball sampling technique was used until theoretical saturation was achieved. The data analysis followed a systematic three-stage coding process: open, axial, and selective coding, to develop a comprehensive model. The study resulted in a multi-faceted model for ESG reporting in Iraqi banks. The core phenomenon is the development of ESG reporting, driven by causal conditions such as environmental requirements, international pressures, and political characteristics. Contextual conditions (e.g., the country's accounting environment, financial incentives) and intervening conditions (e.g., corporate governance, bank structure, managerial behavior) influence the strategies adopted. Key strategies include identifying a responsible entity for sustainability, developing national standards, establishing internal committees, and providing targeted training. The implementation of these strategies leads to significant outcomes, including enhanced social trust, improved employee quality of life, environmental preservation, capital market growth, and improved financial reporting quality. The findings demonstrate that advancing ESG reporting in the Iraqi banking industry requires a holistic approach that considers a complex interplay of external pressures and internal organizational factors. The Central Bank of Iraq and the government are pivotal in facilitating this process through guideline formulation, oversight, and financial incentives. This research provides an actionable framework for Iraqi bank managers and policymakers to systematically enhance transparency and accountability. The identified model can guide the development of localized ESG standards, inform regulatory decisions, and help banks attract international investment by demonstrating a commitment to sustainable practices. The study's insights are also transferable to other resource-dependent economies with similar regulatory and post-conflict challenges.

Obesity and reproductive health: Pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging interventions

2025-12-03T09:02:51-06:00

This review examines the multifaceted relationship between obesity and human reproduction, emphasizing the molecular, cellular, and systemic mechanisms by which excessive adiposity impairs fertility in both women and men. We synthesized findings from epidemiological, experimental, and clinical studies to explore how obesity influences hormonal balance, gametogenesis, and treatment outcomes in assisted reproduction. Mechanistic pathways, including insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, were critically analyzed. In women, obesity disrupts ovulation, oocyte maturation, and hormonal regulation, primarily through insulin resistance, altered adipokine secretion, and mitochondrial and ER stress. In men, obesity compromises spermatogenesis, testosterone production, and sperm quality via hormonal imbalance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These disruptions lead to poorer outcomes in fertility treatments, including decreased oocyte quality and live birth rates. However, interventions such as weight reduction, pharmacological therapies (metformin, GLP-1 agonists), and bariatric surgery significantly improve reproductive outcomes. Obesity exerts profound, bidirectional effects on reproductive health through metabolic and molecular disturbances. Comprehensive management integrating lifestyle, pharmacological, and surgical strategies offers a promising route to restore fertility in obese individuals. Recognizing obesity as a critical determinant of reproductive potential highlights the need for integrated metabolic and reproductive care.

The strategic role of inter-coopetition in driving hospital sustainability under rising healthcare costs

2025-12-03T09:30:10-06:00

Rising healthcare costs continue to threaten the long-term viability of hospitals, particularly private general hospitals in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the strategic role of Inter-Coopetition Strategy (SKA) in strengthening hospital business sustainability (KB), while also analysing the effects of Integrated Preventive Care (PPT), Value-Based Care Orientation (OPN), and Digital Capability (KDD) under increasing financial pressures. A concurrent mixed-methods design was adopted. Quantitative data were obtained from 180 hospital managers through structured surveys and analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). To complement and contextualise the statistical results, qualitative insights were gathered through semi-structured interviews with selected hospital leaders.The results demonstrate that OPN and SKA have significant positive direct effects on KB, while SKA mediates the relationships between PPT and OPN with KB. Digital capability (KDD) also emerges as a strong determinant of sustainability, indicating the essential role of technology in improving operational efficiency and organisational resilience. Although the direct effect of PPT on KB was relatively weak quantitatively, qualitative evidence confirms its strategic relevance, suggesting that preventive care contributes most effectively to sustainability when implemented within collaborative hospital networks. The study concludes that inter-coopetition serves as a critical mechanism for enhancing hospital business sustainability in an increasingly costly healthcare environment. When combined with value-based care, preventive services, and digital capabilities, SKA enables hospitals to achieve integrated pathways toward resilience and performance continuity. The findings provide actionable guidance for hospital leaders to embed preventive and value-driven care into strategic planning, strengthen inter-hospital collaborative–competitive arrangements, and invest in digital infrastructure to support agile and data-informed decision-making. At the policy level, the results highlight the need for aligned incentives and regulatory support—particularly within the national health insurance system—to ensure the financial and operational sustainability of hospital services.

Financial performance analysis of Saudi Riyad bank (2020-2024)

2025-12-03T09:44:00-06:00

This study investigates the financial performance of Saudi banks, with a specific focus on Riyad Bank during the period 2020–2024. It uses a set of key financial ratios, the analysis examines liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, non-performing loans, profitability ratios, and utilization ratios. The paper aims to determine the stability of the bank's financial performance and provide recommendations for maintaining and improving the positives and addressing and mitigating weaknesses. The study employs an analytical approach to evaluate financial data collected from the annual reports of Riyad Bank and the Saudi Central Bank for the period from 2020 to 2024. The analysis aims to assess the financial performance of Saudi banks in general and to evaluate the performance of Riyad Bank in particular. The results show that the liquidity ratio analysis showed that the bank may need to re-evaluate its liquidity management strategies to ensure that it can meet its obligations, especially sudden or large withdrawal requests. The bank's solvency ratio increased overall, peaking in 2023 (107.9%); starting in 2024 (104.5%), the bank is making efforts to improve its solvency and increase its capital. The paper noted that the non-performing loan ratio was low during the study period. The return on equity showed that the bank has significantly improved its ability to generate earnings from its equity. The return on assets analysis indicates that the bank has demonstrated excellent asset management efficiency. The bank's efficiency ratio declined, indicating that the bank was able to control its expenses relative to revenue growth. The utilization ratio analysis shows a shift toward increased lending after 2020; the bank should ensure that it maintains strong liquidity management and risk controls to protect against the risks associated with lending more than its deposits. This paper contributes to the analysis and evaluation of the financial performance of Saudi banks, focusing on Riyad Bank, one of the largest leading banks listed on the Saudi Capital Market Authority. The aim is to maintain and develop positives and address deviations to mitigate financial, market, operational, and legal risks. It also provides administrative and operational insights into the bank's performance to enhance its reputation, market value, and competitive advantage. The findings are based on historical data and may not fully reflect the current or future performance of the bank. The results provide important administrative and operational insights for Riyad Bank to enhance its reputation, market value, and competitive advantage, thereby fulfilling its mission to society. The study emphasizes the importance of analysing the financial performance of Saudi banks to preserve positives and mitigate negatives, which aids in financial decision-making and contributes to the stability and efficiency of bank operations.

Strategic pathways to sustainable performance: The role of leadership, governance, and innovation in Indonesian local public services

2025-12-03T22:55:08-06:00

This study examines how transformational leadership fosters collaborative governance to enhance innovation and sustainable performance within Indonesian local governments. In decentralized systems, where authority and resources are dispersed, achieving coherence and innovation in public service delivery remains a major challenge. Using a quantitative explanatory approach, survey data were collected from public service organizations across Indonesian regions and analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling based on Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The findings reveal that transformational leadership directly strengthens collaborative governance and sustainable performance, while its influence on innovation performance is fully mediated by governance processes. Collaborative governance, in turn, enhances innovation capability and contributes to sustainability primarily when innovation performance is effectively realized. These results highlight a sequential interdependence among leadership, governance, and innovation in advancing sustainable outcomes. Innovation performance emerges as the critical mechanism through which leadership and governance translate into economic competitiveness, social inclusivity, and environmental responsibility. The study bridges micro-level leadership practices, meso-level governance mechanisms, and macro-level sustainability goals, offering practical insights for policymakers and public managers to strengthen collaborative frameworks and innovation capacity for accelerating sustainability in decentralized governance settings.

Diverging perceptions, converging outcomes? The role of provincial governance in corporate innovation in Vietnam

2025-12-06T00:38:26-06:00

The objective of this study is to analyze the impacts of subnational governance on innovation at the corporate level in Vietnam using the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) and the Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) as principal indicators. The analysis uses panel data from the 63 provinces for the years 2011 to 2021. Regression analysis is conducted to evaluate the relationship between business R&D investment and PCI and PAPI. Both indices measure the same phenomenon but from different angles: the PCI is based on governance perceptions from the business community while PAPI is based on participatory citizen assessments. The findings suggest that both indicators of PCI and PAPI are significantly relevant for corporate R&D investment decisions but in different ways. While PCI clearly encourages higher R&D, PAPI does not seem to have substantial influence on empowerment. Additionally, the relationship between PCI and PAPI rankings is weak, showing that there is some disconnect between business and citizen views of the effectiveness of local governance. The results support that innovation at the firm-level is primarily driven by governance quality, as measured by PCI, while citizen governance measure, PAPI, is not as strongly linked to innovation-relevant corporate outcomes. Policymakers can enhance the local innovation ecosystem by prioritizing improvements in governance dimensions such as transparency, regulatory quality, and administrative support as measured by the PCI.

Calculation of the Luneberg optical lens and applications

2025-12-06T03:41:12-06:00

This paper presents a numerical approach for designing radially symmetric Luneburg lenses with arbitrary source and image positions. The method reconstructs the refractive index distribution by inverting an Abel-type relation and uses adaptive Gauss–Kronrod quadrature to ensure high accuracy without manual tuning. The algorithm is validated against the classical Luneburg profile and applied to two focusing scenarios: transformation of a plane wave into a converging wave with a prescribed focal distance, and focusing of radiation from a finite-distance point source to a target point. Ray tracing with an explicit Euler scheme and Huygens-based wavefront simulations confirm that an initially planar front segment collapses precisely to the designed focus. Using the optical–hydrodynamic analogy, the obtained refractive index distribution is converted into a seamount depth profile, and nonlinear shallow-water simulations demonstrate significant wave amplitude amplification near the predicted focal area. The results provide a universal framework for the synthesis of gradient-index lenses and offer practical insights into tsunami wave focusing caused by natural seabed topography.

AI-based early warning mechanism for poultry farms: Evaluating acoustic signal algorithms for bird health and sustainable production

2025-12-06T04:40:21-06:00

This study examines the rising consumption of animal products in Africa amid concerns about declining production. It suggests that food production needs to increase by 25% to meet the demands of a growing population. The experimental study involved 100 poultry birds divided into two groups: one inoculated with chronic respiratory disease (CRD), and one uninoculated. Over 65 days, audio signals were collected three times daily in a controlled environment with ethical approval. A nano 32 BLE sensor was used to collect a dataset of 346 audio signals from the farm. These signals were categorized as healthy, disease-related, or noisy. To identify the most effective model for early detection of poultry diseases, three algorithms utilizing audio signals were evaluated: MFCC, MFE, and Spectrogram. Results showed the Spectrogram algorithm outperformed others, with 99.2% accuracy, 99.3% F1-score, and 0.05 loss. The MFCC algorithm had 85.6% accuracy, 85% F1-score, and 0.38 loss, while the MFE algorithm achieved 97.4% accuracy, 97.3% F1-score, and 0.08 loss. Implementing it can support sustainable development goals 1 (No Poverty), 2 (Zero Hunger), 3 (Good Health and Well-being), and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by improving poultry farming and reducing economic losses.

The vision of science, technology, and innovation among children and adolescents in Córdoba, Colombia

2025-12-06T09:31:30-06:00

The socioeconomic development of nations depends on advances in science, technology, and innovation. It is in this context that a society that values and constructs favorable meanings around these elements manages to remain at the forefront of an increasingly globalized world. This study aims to analyze the perceptions of science, technology, and innovation held by children and adolescents enrolled in school in three municipalities of Córdoba, Colombia. An exploratory-interpretive study with a qualitative approach and phenomenological-hermeneutic design was conducted. 32 participants participated in focus groups. The results yielded significant constructs around science as a principle of knowledge, technology as a medium between what is learned and what is lived; and innovation as a space for projecting and transforming the future. The constructs developed by children and adolescents are influenced by the characteristics of the social, ethnic, and school environment in which they operate. This should be considered in future research and the development of educational plans that allow for a practical and consistent approach to STEM.

Transforming the passenger journey: The role of artificial intelligence in future-ready airports

2025-12-06T09:37:21-06:00

Air transport is undergoing a profound digital transformation, with artificial intelligence (AI) emerging as a key enabler of efficiency, security, personalization, and sustainability. This study investigates how AI is reshaping airport operations and passenger journeys, combining an extensive literature review with original quantitative research involving 744 air travelers. The research employs a descriptive and exploratory design to assess public perceptions of AI integration across areas such as automated check-ins, facial recognition, predictive analytics, and sustainability management. Statistical and thematic analyses reveal high acceptance of AI for safety, logistics, and environmental optimization, yet persistent concerns about privacy, transparency, and ethical governance. Results show that while 95% of respondents trust AI in security contexts and 85% value its potential for personalization, 87% prioritize sustainability as the key criterion for future airport innovation. The findings highlight a nuanced balance between technological enthusiasm and ethical caution. The study concludes that AI must be implemented through human-centered, transparent, and sustainability-aligned frameworks to gain public trust and long-term legitimacy. Ultimately, AI is positioned not merely as a technological upgrade but as a strategic instrument for building inclusive, resilient, and future-ready airports.

Microstructural performance of quartz-based pre-filtration devices for oil/water separation

2025-12-06T09:44:05-06:00

Effective and affordable technologies are urgently needed for oily wastewater treatment, where conventional polymeric membranes suffer from fouling and ceramic membranes remain cost-prohibitive. This study investigates quartz particles (0.8–1.8 mm) as a low-cost pre-filtration medium for oil/water separation, focusing on the influence of raw versus acid-washed surfaces. Experiments using a packed quartz bed demonstrated that both media substantially reduced influent oil concentrations (initial 4393.80 mg/L), with raw quartz achieving 98.07% removal and washed quartz further improving efficiency to 98.48%. Surface cleaning enhanced quartz performance by eliminating impurities, increasing effective porosity, and restoring natural hydrophilicity, thereby improving adsorption and minimizing pore blockage. These findings highlight washed quartz as a structurally robust, scalable, and environmentally sustainable medium that can serve as a first-line barrier in multi-stage oily wastewater treatment systems. The slight yet meaningful efficiency gain with washed quartz demonstrates its industrial relevance, as even marginal improvements translate into significant operational benefits at scale. Overall, quartz offers a practical, low-cost alternative to conventional filtration materials, reducing the treatment burden on downstream polishing units and supporting water reuse in oil-intensive industries.

Utilization of media in distributing public information in Negeri Liang, Central Maluku

2025-12-06T09:48:56-06:00

This study aims to analyse the use of media in disseminating public information in Liang Village, Central Maluku Regency. Public information disclosure is a crucial aspect in realizing transparent, accountable, and participatory governance. The research method employed was a qualitative approach, utilizing data collection techniques that included interviews, observations, and documentary studies. The results show that the Liang Village government utilizes various communication media, both traditional and digital. Traditional media that are still predominantly used include village announcement boards, mosque and church loudspeakers, and face-to-face meetings. Meanwhile, digital media such as WhatsApp groups and social media are beginning to be used to accelerate the flow of information, especially among the younger generation. However, several obstacles remain, including limited internet access, low digital literacy among some members of the public, and a strong reliance on conventional communication methods. This study recommends optimizing the use of digital media in a more structured manner, enhancing the technological literacy of civil servants, and collaborating with community leaders to expand the reach of public information. Thus, appropriate media utilization can improve the effectiveness of government communication and strengthen public participation in national development.

Post-pandemic immune profiles: Antibody patterns in vaccinated individuals with and without Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection

2025-12-06T09:53:37-06:00

This study aimed to investigate the serological responses to COVID-19 vaccines in the Saudi population post pandemic, a period characterized by presumed hybrid immunity, and to assess demographic and clinical factors influencing antibody responses. IgG antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were assessed using chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) in 401 individuals from the Saudi population. Of the 401 participants, 395 were vaccinated and 397 (99%) were positive for anti-SARS-CoV spike protein antibodies, including five of the six unvaccinated individuals. Antibody positivity peaked in ages 20-29 and was lowest in children (0-9 years) and adults over 80 years. IgG levels differed between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants (P < 0.0001) and between sexes (P = 0.0072), but not by vaccine type, dose, or comorbidities. Unexpectedly, vaccinated individuals without prior infection had higher IgG than those with prior infection, challenging the presumed advantage of hybrid immunity. In this Saudi cohort, age and sex significantly influenced spike IgG responses, while vaccine type, dosage, and comorbidities had no effect. Unexpectedly, hybrid immunity showed no advantage, indicating altered immune dynamics at the pandemic’s end. These findings provide valuable insights into population-level COVID-19 immunity and can inform public health strategies and vaccine policies in settings with widespread prior infection or vaccination.

Effect of pre-ECMO mechanical ventilation duration on patient outcomes

2025-12-08T01:50:22-06:00

The majority of the critically ill patients who are treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO), are initially supported by mechanical ventilation (MV). The pre-ECMO MV duration of more than 7 days was identified as a contraindication to start ECMO support. This study aims to assess the mortality rate in relation to duration of mechanical ventilation before ECMO initiation, as well as its impact of ECMO successful weaning in Saudi Arabia. This is a retrospective cohort study with 13 patients enrolled, who received ECMO support from 2015 to 2019 for both cardiac and non-cardiac indications. All relevant data regarding the MV and ECMO support were extracted and analysed. The whole sample showed a higher mean interval between intubation and ECMO initiation in the successfully weaned group than the group with unsuccessful weaning, with a P value > 0.05. In terms of survival, both groups showed similar MV to ECMO initiation. Total ECMO duration was 10.38 ± 6.55 and 7.60 ± 10.11 for the successful and non-successful weaning groups, respectively (P = 0.56), and was similar for survivors and non-survivors (P = 0.97). Analysis of both subgroups of venovenous ECMO and veno-arterial ECMO was non-significant, both in terms of survival and successful weaning. The pre-ECMO MV duration was significantly higher in patients who were supported by ECMO for more than one week, with a mean duration of 4.50 4.04, in comparison to 1.0 for patients with ECMO support of less than a week (P value=0.041). The impact of pre-ECMO MV duration was not significantly related to ECMO outcomes, including survival and successful weaning, in both ECMO subgroups. However, it may affect the total ECMO support duration.

Symbols of nature in the diwan Dice of the text by the poet Adnan Al-Sayegh

2025-12-08T23:34:34-06:00

This study explores the symbols of nature in the poetry collection Nard al-Nass by the Iraqi poet Adnan Al-Sayegh through a hermeneutic approach that aims to uncover their semantic and artistic dimensions. The research seeks to highlight how natural symbols are transformed into cultural signs and meanings that carry psychological, political, and existential dimensions. Through these symbols, the poet reflects the anxiety of the poetic self and its fluctuation across political, social, and historical levels. The study employs a hermeneutic method, integrating symbolic and semiotic analysis tools, to reveal the multiplicity of meanings and the semantic openness that nature’s symbols offer within the text.

The ruby stone in the Arab scientific heritage from the Umayyad Era to the end of the Mamlūk ERA (41- 923 AH/ 662-1517: A cultural historical study

2025-12-10T23:57:23-06:00

The objective of this study is to shed light on the achievements of the Arab and Muslim scholars who wrote in the field of rubies, explaining its characteristics, benefits, applications, and places of occurrence during a specific time period in Islamic history that starts from the beginning of the Umayyad era until the end of the Mamlūk era (41-923 AH / 662-1517 AD). The study focused on specific elements that revolve around the origins and names of the ruby stone, its various types and forms, and various uses, and traced the ruby mines and their different locations in the Islamic world during the specified research period. Furthermore, the study discussed rubies extraction methods, physical properties, and market value during these Islamic historical periods, along with rubies defects, and their methods of treatment. The study adopted the descriptive, critical, analytical historical research method, where scientific material was collected from various historical sources, which are then arranged, classified, and presented in the form of a descriptive, analytical, and critical study, supplemented by comparisons with the scientific material contained in contemporary sources. The study concluded with the most important findings extracted therefrom.

Development and evaluation of sulfadiazine-loaded gastric floating microsponge for repurposed cancer therapy

2025-12-11T00:09:01-06:00

Sulfadiazine has gained renewed interest as a repurposed anticancer agent owing to its ability to inhibit folate-dependent metabolic pathways and disrupt tumor cell proliferation. However, its therapeutic potential is hindered by poor aqueous solubility, short gastric residence time, and limited absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed to develop a gastro-retentive floating microsponge system to enhance gastric retention and sustain release of sulfadiazine for improved absorption. Microsponges were prepared using the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method with Eudragit RS 100 as the polymer matrix. Three formulations (F-1, F-2, F-3) were evaluated for production yield, drug content, entrapment efficiency, floating behavior, in-vitro drug release, surface morphology, thermal characteristics, and short-term stability. All formulations appeared as white, free-flowing microsponge powders with high production yields (91.11–97.72%). Entrapment efficiency ranged from 57.65% to 80.14%, increasing with polymer concentration. All formulations remained buoyant for more than 12 hours, confirming effective floating behavior. SEM analysis revealed spherical, porous structures, while DSC thermograms indicated reduced crystallinity of the encapsulated drug. In-vitro drug release demonstrated sustained release over 8 hours, with F-1 showing the fastest release and F-2 the most controlled profile. Stability studies showed no changes in appearance and minimal variation in drug content over three months. The results suggest that sulfadiazine-loaded gastric floating microsponges can enhance gastric residence, support sustained delivery, and improve the therapeutic potential of sulfadiazine as a repurposed anticancer agent.

When capabilities backfire: Rethinking resource-based theory in health services exports

2025-12-11T01:48:55-06:00

In developing economies, the internationalization of health services remains limited despite increasing investments in firm capabilities and resources. Grounded in the Resource-Based View (RBV), this study explores the extent to which internal strengths—both tangible and intangible—contribute to the export performance of Colombian health service firms. Drawing on firm-level data from the national EDIT survey, we employed a mixed-methods quantitative approach combining Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and a binary Logit model. SEM was used to identify latent constructs representing “Resources” and “Capabilities”, while the Logit model estimated the marginal effects of these and other predictors on the probability of export participation. Findings show that, contrary to RBV expectations, general resources and capability accumulation do not significantly enhance export propensity. Instead, internal R&D investment emerges as the only statistically significant positive predictor of exporting, suggesting that firms focused on innovation have a competitive edge in international markets. The models also reveal that a synergy between resources and capabilities—when not strategically aligned—may even hinder export engagement. These results challenge conventional interpretations of RBV in service sectors, especially in middle-income countries, and underscore the need for innovation-oriented strategies. For both managers and policymakers, the findings highlight the importance of moving beyond capacity accumulation toward targeted investment in research, talent development, and international market readiness.

Enhancing operational competency in desalination plants: A virtual reality-based training model for entry-level technicians

2025-12-15T00:20:20-06:00

The ongoing water crises worldwide have prompted the demand for trained desalination technicians to address water scarcity concerns. Consequently, focusing on this problem, the current study intends to propose a Virtual Reality (VR) training program for the skill development of novice desalination technicians and examine and compare its effectiveness for enhancing the practical competence of new trainees against those of traditional training approaches. A quasi-experimental research design with a triangulation approach was employed, and 30 trainees were recruited for the study. The participants were divided into two groups: control (traditional training) and experimental (VR training), each encompassing 15 trainees. The VR module was designed to simulate reverse osmosis (RO) operations, and participants' skills were assessed pre-training and post-training using checklists, performance scores, and surveys. The findings revealed significant improvements in the VR group compared to the control group, showing that their performance scores went up by 19.7 points, in contrast to the traditional group's 9.8 points. Furthermore, the VR group demonstrated 34% higher accuracy, 28.5% improvement in task completion time, and 42.3% improvement in procedural compliance compared to those trained with traditional methods. Additionally, the experimental group also completed a survey to report their satisfaction and perceptions regarding distinct aspects of the VR module and indicated that participants found the system highly realistic and interactive. Overall, the results specified that VR is a safer, more effective, and more engaging way of training desalination technicians and that the technology has promise for advancing skill acquisition and operations in the water industry.

Tamarin-based verification of authentication protocols in smart city IoT

2025-12-15T00:36:43-06:00

The rapid growth of smart city applications relies heavily on Internet of Things (IoT) devices, where secure and reliable authentication protocols are essential for protecting sensitive data and services. However, these protocols often operate in dynamic and heterogeneous environments that expose them to replay, impersonation, and man-in-the-middle attacks. Traditional evaluation approaches frequently overlook subtle logical flaws in protocol design, leaving systems vulnerable de-spite appearing secure. This study employs the Tamarin Prover, a state-of-the-art symbolic verification tool, to systematically verify authentication protocols within smart city IoT infrastructures. Through rigorous modelling and lemma-based proofs, the protocols are examined against well-defined security properties, including secrecy, integrity, replay resistance, and impersonation prevention. The analysis uncovers both confirmed guarantees and hidden vulnerabilities, demonstrating how formal methods reveal weaknesses that informal reasoning may miss. By establishing a replicable Tamarin-based verification framework, this study not only validates the effectiveness of formal analysis for enhancing trust in IoT infrastructures but also provides practical insights to guide the secure design and deployment of future smart city authentication mechanisms.

Knowledge and attitude regarding Shilajit use among orthopedic patients: A cross-sectional study

2025-12-15T00:55:33-06:00

Shilajit is used commonly as Ayurvedic medicine worldwide which is Rasayana herbo-mineral substance and consumed to restore the energetic balance and to prevent diseases. Locally, Shilajit is applied for patients diagnosed with bone fractures. Our research to evaluate the Knowledge and attitude and practice towards using Shiljat in fracture in our community. A cross sectional study will be conducted at King Fahad university hospital patients during the period from October 1, 2024 to October 1, 2025. Data will be collected using a structured, pre-validated questionnaire designed to assess demographic characteristics, as well as participants’ knowledge and attitudes toward the use of Shilajit. A total of 149 participants were included. Among males, 40 (38.8%) reported using Shilajit, while 63 (61.2%) reported no use. Among females, 19 (41.3%) reported using Shilajit compared to 27 (58.7%) who did not. Overall, 59 participants (39.6%) reported using Shilajit, whereas 90 (60.4%) reported no used. A weak, non-significant negative correlation was observed between duration of use and perceived usefulness (r = –0.25, p = 0.077). Gender showed no significant association with perceived usefulness (χ²(1) = 0.08, p = 0.776), and age demonstrated a weak, non-significant positive correlation (r = 0.08, p = 0.333). Overall, none of the examined user characteristics were significant predictors of perceived usefulness. The findings indicate that perceived usefulness was not significantly influenced by duration of use, gender, or age. Although longer use showed a slight trend toward lower perceived usefulness, this relationship did not reach statistical significance. Further research with larger and more diverse populations may help clarify potential influencing factors.

Effect of leadership styles on employee experience among healthcare professionals: A systematic review with implications for Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030

2025-12-15T01:06:25-06:00

Leadership styles significantly influence the employee experience among healthcare professionals, affecting job satisfaction, engagement, wellbeing, burnout, and retention. In the context of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 health sector transformation, understanding these relationships is critical for building sustainable, high-performing healthcare organizations. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the effects of different leadership styles on the employee experience of healthcare professionals working in hospital settings. Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from January 2012 to May 2023. Only English-language cross-sectional and cohort studies conducted in hospital settings that examined the association between leadership styles and employee experience outcomes (job satisfaction, engagement, wellbeing, burnout, intent to leave, etc.) among healthcare professionals were included. Quality was assessed using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Eleven cross-sectional studies from eight countries (total N > 11,000 participants, predominantly nurses) met the inclusion criteria and were of satisfactory-to-good methodological quality. Transformational leadership consistently showed the strongest positive association with employee experience, including higher job satisfaction, work engagement, wellbeing, and lower burnout and turnover intention. Resonant (relationship-oriented) leadership also demonstrated positive effects on engagement and satisfaction. Transactional leadership had mixed results, with some benefits in specific contexts (e.g., clear reward systems), but generally weaker long-term impact than transformational styles. Transformational and resonant leadership styles are most strongly linked to positive employee experience among healthcare professionals. Empowering, supportive, and relationship-focused leadership fosters satisfaction, engagement, and retention, which are essential for achieving Vision 2030 goals of an efficient, integrated, and people-centered health system in Saudi Arabia. Policy makers should prioritize developing and appointing leaders with transformational and resonant competencies.

Evaluating the impact of artificial intelligence integration on sustainable learning outcomes in Saudi Arabian higher education institutions

2025-12-15T01:15:44-06:00

The study examines the role of incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) in advancing sustainable learning within institutions of higher education in Saudi Arabia as it relates to Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) and Saudi Vision 2030. A survey cross-sectional design (quantitative) was employed using a sample of 400 participants at various universities. Data analyses were performed using SPSS to understand the relationship between AI adoption, the ICT infrastructure of the institution, and sustainable learning outcomes. The results revealed that the use of AI has significantly improved teaching efficiency, personalized learning, and student engagement. This relationship was moderated by institutional workforce ICT infrastructure, which enhances the effectiveness of AI-supported learning environments. Findings suggest AI policies, digital literacy, and faculty training must be improved to support the sustainable implementation process for all Saudi higher education institutions. The research paper provides empirical evidence, connects an integration of the AI toward sustainable education, and presents national educational change contextualized within Saudi Vision 2030.

When high self-efficacy backfires: Understanding withholding effort among healthcare workers during communicable diseases outbreaks

2025-12-18T03:47:02-06:00

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are often at the frontline of communicable disease outbreaks, facing heightened risks that can influence their propensity to withhold effort. This study examined the influence of socio-cognitive factors (risk perception, perceived vulnerability to disease, and self-efficacy) on withholding effort among HCWs during communicalbe disease outbreaks. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey with a high response rate (87%), data were collected from 477 HCWs across selected hospitals in Ondo State, Nigeria. A 2×2×2 factorial design was employed to test the hypotheses. Results showed that higher risk perception [F (1, 469)=13.89, P<.001, η²=.029], higher perceived vulnerability to disease [F (1, 469)=22.95, P<.001, η²=.047], and higher self-efficacy [F (1, 469)=10.04, P<.05, η²=.021] were associated with increased withholding effort. The interaction between self-efficacy and perceived vulnerability was significant [F (1, 469)=10.10, P<.05, η²=.021], indicating that the positive effect of self-efficacy on withholding effort emerged most strongly when vulnerability to disease was high (M=29.01). These findings highlight that withholding effort is not always a failure of motivation but reflects a protective response to perceived threats. The study recommends targeted and structured training to build confidence, a supportive work environment, and adequate resources to reduce withholding effort and sustain healthcare workers' commitment during future outbreaks.

Classification of organometallic reactions using machine learning

2025-12-18T06:46:53-06:00

Classifying organometallic reactions into distinct reaction types is fundamentally important for understanding mechanisms and predicting reactions, for synthesis optimisation. Fundamental to classification of organometal reactions is reaction representation, but current methods often fail to capture organometal chemical transformation adequately. The study has adopted a hybrid fingerprinting approach, whereby new fingerprints were concatenated with permutation important Morgan fingerprints to create 49 to 63 bits fingerprints. The hybrid fingerprints were used to build KMeans clustering, Guassian mixtures, Affinity propagation and Heirarchical clustering models for classification of organometal reactions. The models successfully classified reactions into 6-8 major organometal reaction types. Of note, the fingerprints consistently outperformed Morgan fingerprints across all clustering models with good Davies–Bouldin Index (DBI) ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 and Silhouette score from 0.3 to 0.8. Furthermore, the clustering models were visualized using Principal Component Analysis. Affinity Propagation and KMeans demonstrated superior performance over Hierarchical and GMM algorithms in distinguishing major reaction categories. In contrast, the Hierarchical model excelled at identifying sub-level classifications compared to the other methods. Consequently, Affinity Propagation and KMeans are recommended for broad reaction type classification, while the Hierarchical approach is better suited for resolving detailed subclass distinctions. The observed variability in model performance further highlighted the importance of feature selection and representation in clustering models. Future studies should look into improving the fingerprints to recognize subcategories.

Role of Atlantic international university online-media based distance learning education system to achieve UNESCO 2030 goals towards sustainable development

2025-12-19T23:08:14-06:00

Online-media based distance learning education system is an emerging education system in the 21st century to educate students efficiently all over the world. For this, Atlantic International University (AIU) has developed online-media based distance learning education system to educate student based on andragogy and omniology. The system accommodates students by meeting their individual needs. For this purpose, the AIU degree programs are flexible and have been designed for accelerated completion. Student reflection is vital to judge effectivity of the system. For this, Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) analysis were designed and implemented to reveal real case scenario. The SWOT study identified prospects and constraints of the system with a scope to achieve UNESCO 2030 goals towards sustainable development. Findings of this study will help a wide range of audience to accommodate online-media based distance learning education system to pursue their academic endeavor.

Investment decision-making of young retail investors: A behavioural study from China

2025-12-20T04:02:36-06:00

This study investigates the informational and behavioural determinants of young retail investors' investment decisions in China, a high-fintech penetration market with policy-driven volatility and strong collectivist traditions. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Behavioural Finance Theory (BFT), this study tests the role of emotional intelligence, herd behaviour, overconfidence, accounting information, and financial knowledge. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed with 504 young investors via an online platform. Multiple linear regression analysis reveals that emotional intelligence, accounting information, and financial knowledge have positive impacts on investment decisions and that herd behaviour and overconfidence have significant adverse effects. The study identifies the double-edged sword of fintech: online platforms enhance access to financial information and tools but reinforce behavioural biases through social influence and horizon problems. The findings have implications for the design of targeted financial education programmes and behaviour-based and policy reforms by organizations such as the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). The study has limitations in its urban and digitally connected sample and in its cross-sectional design. Future research should explore the role of trust in mediating the effects between informational and behavioural factors and should undertake longitudinal analyses and cross-country comparisons to extend the research on behavioural finance in developing markets.

The impact of bank specific and macroeconomic factors on banks’ risk and return: A comparative study between Egypt and Saudi Arabia

2025-12-21T23:14:24-06:00

This paper investigates the impact of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on banks’ risk and return in Egypt and Saudi Arabia, the purpose of this paper is to conclude the risk and return sensitivity to macroeconomic factors and bank-specific in different economic environment; utilizing a panel dataset of largest 20 banks in Egypt and Saudi Arabia over the period 2008–2024. This research methodology employing System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to address endogeneity and dynamic relationships, the research measured bank-specific factor by capital adequacy, bank size, loan-to-deposit ratio, and operational efficiency; as well as external macroeconomic factors by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, Inflation, and Interbank rates. The credit risk measured by non-performing loans (NPLs) and its provisioning, while return measured by return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and net interest margin (NIM). The findings highlight that there is significant impact of bank-specific and macroeconomic factor on risk for Egypt and Saudi Arabia except capital adequacy ratio and gross domestic product (GDP) for Egypt in addition, interbank rate and size were insignificant for Saudi Arabia banks. Moreover, the research pointed out significant impact of bank’s capital adequacy ratio, interbank rate, loan to deposit ratio and operation efficiency on bank return in Egypt; in addition, the return influenced significantly by capital adequacy ratio and operation efficiency only in Saudi Arabia while, macroeconomic factors have insignificant impact on Bank’s return in Saudi Arabia. Egyptian banks risk and return show sensitivity to bank-specific and macroeconomic factors, while Saudi banks exhibit greater stability and resilience against macroeconomic shocks and less sensitivity to internal factor.

Formulation development and in-vitro comparative study of extended-release paracetamol tablets

2025-12-22T00:50:52-06:00

This study focuses on developing simple, robust methods to prepare extended release paracetamol 665 mg hydrophilic matrix tablets using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the principal matrix former and binder in a wet granulation process. Nonionic cellulose ethers such as HPMC are widely used in oral extended release systems because they hydrate to form a viscous gel layer that controls drug diffusion and matrix erosion, thereby sustaining drug release over an extended period. In this work, paracetamol–HPMC matrix tablets were produced by wet granulation using water as the granulating fluid, providing a solvent free, industry relevant manufacturing approach. Two granule populations were designed: “fast release” granules containing the super disintegrant croscarmellose sodium, and “slow release” granules without disintegrant to enhance gel formation and retard release. These granules were blended at different ratios before compression on a tablet press to obtain biphasic and sustained release profiles tailored to match existing modified release paracetamol products. The optimized formulation was benchmarked against leading extended release paracetamol brands marketed in the USA and Europe by comparing 12 hours dissolution profiles, which demonstrated that the in vitro drug release behavior of the developed tablets was comparable to that of the reference products, indicating their potential as cost effective alternatives in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Modification of purple sweet potato variety antin via fermentation process: Physicochemical Study

2025-12-22T01:38:32-06:00

Purple Sweet Potato (PSP) is a valuable food ingredient due to its numerous benefits for human health. However, in terms of function, PSP has low physicochemical properties. To overcome these limitations, research was conducted on the effect of PSP (var. Antin) fermentation on the characteristics of flour, using the bio-activator Bimo-CF and Lactobacillus plantarum. This research aims to determine the physicochemical characteristics of fermented Purple Sweet Potato Flour (PSPF) of Antin Variety. Peeled and sliced PSP were separated into three treatment groups: fermentation with Bimo-CF, L-Plantarum, and no fermentation. The materials were dried, ground, and then analyzed for their physicochemical properties. Results data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), using SPSS 16 (SPSS Inc., USA). The total content of phenolics, anthocyanins, protein, and crude fiber decreased during the fermentation process. The fermentation process also increased the water absorption capacity (WAC), peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, and setback viscosity of PSPF. Modifying PSPF through fermentation can change the structure of PSPF into a material that is more suitable for industrial ingredients such as noodles, bread, and vermicelli.

ESG mindset and self-learning skills development for sustainable development

2025-12-23T04:07:26-06:00

As previous researches seldom covered the learning outcomes from QF levels applied into enhancing relevant skills in training related sector, the aim of this paper is to explore the learning outcomes from design thinking for improving the higher order thinking skills developed in assessing ESG reports compared to QF levels to have a new teaching pedagogy for competency at QF level. Through applying the 5 steps of design thinking into assessing ESG reports of organizations as assessments in relation to the 7 levels Qualification Framework in Hong Kong, focused on QF level 5 (degree level) to 7 (doctoral level), learners are expected to develop higher order critical and analytical thinking skills with values of global responsible citizenship for meeting the challenges in the real world).

Environmental awareness and environmental health among university students

2025-12-23T22:38:30-06:00

Environmental health is an important factor for the well-being and sustainability of the educational environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with the environmental health of secondary school students at the Faculty of Education Sciences of the National University of the Altiplano. A cross-sectional design with a descriptive-explanatory approach was used, which is suitable for describing the current reality and analyzing causal relationships in a limited period. The methodology included the application of Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression analysis to evaluate the predictive power of environmental health perception based on variables such as environmental education, environmental awareness, environmental responsibility, and forest awareness. The results showed that the model explained 75.4% of the variability in environmental health, highlighting environmental education (β = 0.419) and, especially, environmental awareness (β = 0.529) as significant predictive factors (p < 0.001). It is concluded that both formal environmental education and sensitivity and commitment to the ecosystem are key determinants for improving environmental health in future teachers, highlighting the importance of strengthening environmental awareness to promote sustainable practices.

Development of pilot plant scale instant porridge production line for contribution to stunting prevention

2025-12-24T05:52:23-06:00

This study aims to develop an efficient and hygienic pilot plant–scale production line for instant porridge as complementary food to support stunting prevention efforts in Indonesia. A descriptive engineering approach was applied, utilizing Operation Process Charts (OPC), Multi-Product Process Charts (MPPC), and routing sheets to model production flows, determine machinery requirements, and evaluate layout alternatives. Pilot-scale trials were conducted using a steam jacket kettle, drum dryer, disc mill, and vibrator screen to assess process capacities and product quality. The findings show that a three-batch cooking system provides the highest operational efficiency, allowing continuous drying at a rate of 5 kg of paste per hour and yielding 7.5 kg of instant porridge flakes per day. Three facility layout configurations—straight-line, zig-zag, and U-shaped—were identified as feasible design options, with the straight-line layout offering the shortest material movement and lowest contamination risk. Chemical, physical, microbiological, and sensory analyses confirmed that the product meets national standards for instant complementary foods. The study concludes that the proposed production line is technically feasible, scalable, and suitable for adoption by Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Its implementation may enhance production efficiency, ensure food safety, and expand access to nutritious complementary foods, thereby contributing to national stunting reduction initiatives.

The crisis behind police crime data: Unreported crime and challenges related to crime statistics in South Africa

2025-12-25T00:11:01-06:00

Every crime not reported is a crime not recorded, and every crime not recorded is a truth concealed”. In South Africa, the reliability of crime statistics remains a critical concern, raising questions about whether official data reflect the true extent of crime or merely the efficacy of policing. This study aimed to explore the processes, challenges, and effectiveness of crime statistics within the South African Police Service (SAPS) and their implications for policy and operational decision-making. Adopting a qualitative research approach, the study employed a descriptive, case-study design to gain in-depth insights from twelve purposively selected participants. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed using thematic content analysis to identify key patterns and recurring themes. The findings revealed that unreported crimes significantly distort official statistics, that public mistrust and logistical challenges hinder accurate reporting, and that inconsistencies in data classification and recording undermine the utility of crime statistics as a monitoring tool. Participants highlighted the role of complementary systems, such as CAS, GIS, CTA, and CPA, in enhancing crime data accuracy, while international comparisons underscored the benefits of multi-source data integration. The study recommends targeted interventions to improve public trust, standardise data management practices, and establish independent verification mechanisms to enhance the reliability of crime statistics. By bridging theoretical perspectives from Routine Activity Theory and Social Disorganization Theory with empirical insights, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of underreporting dynamics and provides actionable strategies for improving crime monitoring and policy formulation in South Africa.

Data-driven torque identification of turboprop engines using optimized feedforward neural networks

2025-12-25T04:54:34-06:00

This paper presents a research methodology for identifying the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127G turboprop engine from simulation data using optimized feedforward neural networks (FNN). A set of measurable variables - ground speed, throttle lever angle, pressure altitude , high-pressure spool speed , and propeller speed - is used to predict normalized engine torque, providing a surrogate engine model suitable for integration into flight simulators. The methodology follows a two-stage strategy. First, a baseline L-BFGS–trained FNN is combined with two architecture-search methods, Extended Great Deluge (EGD) and Bayesian Optimization (BO). On the turboprop dataset, BO achieves a lower test RMSE than EGD and is therefore selected as the preferred architecture optimization strategy. Second, BO is fixed and used to optimize two FNN configurations: Baseline FNN with inputs (ground speed, throttle lever angle, pressure altitude , propeller speed ) and Core-Enhanced FNN additionally including high-pressure spool speed . The optimized Core-Enhanced FNN significantly reduces the root mean square error from 1.066 to 0.4834 on testing data, corresponding to an average error reduction of about 55% compared with Baseline FNN, and also decreases mean relative error and error variance, confirming the importance of core-speed information for high-fidelity torque prediction. The results demonstrate that L-BFGS–trained FNNs, combined with BO-based architecture search and simulation-derived data, provide an effective and computationally efficient surrogate engine model for turboprop torque (and indirectly thrust) estimation in advanced flight simulation and training applications.