Public awareness of microbiological testing and antibiotic use for pharyngitis in Qassim, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

Pharyngitis represents a frequent condition requiring outpatient care, which usually stems from viral infections. The use of antibiotics remains widespread because clinicians face challenges when making diagnoses. The confirmation of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections requires microbiological tests, including throat swabs, cultures, and rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs), to determine proper treatment. The level of public understanding about these diagnostic tools in Saudi Arabia exists in an unknown state. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Qassim, Saudi Arabia, during January and February 2025. A validated Arabic-language questionnaire evaluated participants’ understanding of sore throat causes, awareness of diagnostic tests, antibiotic use, and willingness to undergo microbiological testing. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze associations. Of the 208 individuals who accessed the survey, 198 completed it (95% response rate). Most participants (78%) did not know that throat swabs or RADTs are recommended for diagnosing streptococcal pharyngitis. One-third correctly understood that sore throats usually resolve without antibiotics. However, 80% were willing to undergo diagnostic testing after explanation, and 67% supported using test results to guide antibiotic use. Knowledge about pharyngitis was significantly associated with educational background and healthcare experience (p < 0.001). The research demonstrates that microbiology plays a vital part in enhancing pharyngitis management. Microbiologists create precise diagnostic tools while leading stewardship efforts through clinical test guidance and public education. Reducing antibiotic misuse and preventing complications depends on expanding testing and integrating microbiologists into primary care and community health strategies.