Diagnosis of occupational health risks of peasant women exposed to agrochemicals in potato crops in southern Colombia

Abstract

This study assessed occupational health risks among peasant women exposed to agrochemicals in potato crops in the Gabriel López township (Cauca, Colombia). A mixed-methods approach was applied, involving 80 women from four rural communities. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, and narratives to characterize sociodemographic conditions, health history, and risk perception. Quantitative assessment was conducted using the Colombian Technical Guide GTC 45, identifying hazards and classifying risks into physical, chemical, biological, psychosocial, biomechanical, and natural categories. Results revealed risk levels ranging from low to critical, with chemical risk being the most significant. Agrochemical handling activities reached unacceptable risk levels (Levels I and II), with the highest criticality observed in Calvache. High vulnerability was identified due to prolonged exposure, limited use of personal protective equipment, and low educational levels. Reported health effects included renal and dermatological disorders, as well as potential reproductive impacts, in addition to risks related to solar radiation, ergonomic strain, and psychosocial stress. It is concluded that occupational risks are significant and strongly associated with unsafe agrochemical practices. The implementation of protective measures, training programs, occupational health surveillance, and sustainable agricultural practices is essential to reduce exposure and improve working and environmental conditions.